Transmission & Distribution
12% of exam
Voltage drop & regulation, PF correction, faults, power flow, stability.
9 concepts
Exam areas
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Voltage drop & regulation, PF correction, faults, power flow, stability.
9 concepts
Exact and approximate feeder voltage drop, single- vs three-phase forms, NEC percentage guidance, and circular-mil shortcuts.
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%VR definitions for lines, transformers, and machines; load tap changers, step regulators, and shunt compensation as the voltage-control toolkit.
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Sizing capacitors with Q = P(tanθ₁ − tanθ₂), released system capacity, loss savings, utility penalty economics, and placement choices.
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Harmonics, THD and TDD with IEEE 519 framing, triplen behavior in neutrals and transformers, K-factor, and sags, swells, and flicker.
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Bolted three-phase faults in per-unit, the MVA method, sequence-network connections for SLG, LL, and DLG faults, and X/R asymmetry.
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Δ and Y winding combinations, the 30° phase shift, zero-sequence paths, grounding behavior, open-delta, and vector groups.
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The P–δ and Q–V couplings, the power transfer equation, bus types in load-flow studies, and how solutions are actually found.
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The swing equation and inertia constant, equal-area criterion, critical clearing, and the taxonomy of angle, voltage, and frequency stability.
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Short, medium, and long line models, ABCD constants, GMR/GMD inductance, charging current, and surge impedance loading.
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