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Transformers, capacitors, energy storage, PV & wind, testing.
5 concepts
From the ideal transformer to the full equivalent circuit: OC/SC tests, voltage regulation, efficiency, all-day efficiency, taps, and parallel operation.
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Capacitor bank ratings and the kvar ∝ V² law, series vs shunt application, switching effects, and current-limiting and filter reactors.
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Battery capacity, C-rates, series/parallel string math, lead-acid and lithium chemistry behavior, ultracapacitors, and DC-system sizing basics.
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PV cell-to-array electrical behavior, STC ratings and temperature effects, inverter sizing and NEC 690 basics, plus the wind power equation and Betz limit.
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Factory and field tests that prove equipment health: transformer turns ratio, polarity, winding resistance, insulation power factor, and dissolved gas analysis.
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